Africa

[|Scramble for Africa Markup]

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ** Essential Questions **:


 * ====**How can political change cause conflict**====
 * Political change can cause conflict because many people could disagree with the ideas being implemented in the change.


 * **How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires?**
 * Development of nationalism changes the government for people. Some might not agree with the ideas of nationalism and that can cause conflict among the nation. It also impacts people because they have to get accustomed to the change. Too much nationalism can cause a country to see other countries as inferior.
 * **How can political relationships affect economic relationships?**
 * If a country's political relationship with another country is destroyed it can stop the trade between them.
 * **What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation?**
 * Tragedies, culture, holidays, and common view points are all examples of things that unite people as a nation

__Comments on Africa video notes__

 * China was a thriving manufacturer power with a major importer of Silver
 * Europeans sent opium to china affecting its trade and creating drugs addicts
 * Chinese counter attacks were unsuccessful
 * Europe successfully were able to control all of Africa
 * Euro states found pride in owning colonies
 * Africa had many natural resources that European countries wanted and it could be used to improve European industrialization
 * scramble for Africa
 * Africa had many diseases that killed Europeans
 * European technology increased
 * It involved a lot of fighting and dying
 * Africans resisted Europeans violently
 * Africa and much of Asia was controlled by Europe
 * European countries relied on their strong military
 * Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized
 * Europeans used native rulers as puppets
 * Leading colonizer was Britain
 * Video Notes 5/22**
 * European Imperialist countries started to create colonies in the late 1800's.
 * Europeans had strong economies.
 * Slave trade contributed to inter tribal warfare,\
 * They wanted rubber and oil
 * Colonies served as ports
 * Missionaries opened hospitals and schools in the colonies
 * Worst oppression occurred in the Congo
 * Conditions were so bad that population of some colonies declined drastically
 * Heart of Darkness is a book that exposes the horrifying things of imperialism
 * the book didn't end the scramble for Africa
 * Liberia and Ethiopia were the only countries that resisted imperialism

[|Questions on Map]

//** Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire. **//
 * By Karl Liebknecht **

Based on this quote, I believe that Liebnecht is against the idea of imperialism. He thinks that it only harms people and doesn't do anything. It compares imperialism to a cyclone which means that imperialism is something that strikes upon the whole world not just a nation. Imperialism uses force and it takes everything leaving them with nothing almost like a vampire.

[|African Political Cartoon]

[|GO on New Imperialism] ' ==


 * 1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”?**
 * T//he White mans burden was a rhetorical statement that ordered white men to rule and colonize other nation which would benefit those people. It was an order to educated the natives. //
 * 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”?**
 * //The reward that the white man receives for carrying his burden, was carrying the blame of the guards and carrying the cry of the hosts humor. They would get prestige, reward, and a reward from heaven //
 * 3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it?**
 * //Kipling wrote this poem to those involved in United States imperialism because we believed that they were the ones that were going to read it. I think that back the audience might've not agreed to what he wrote because they didn't' want to go back to imperialism.//
 * 4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why?**
 * //" To seek another mans profit" & " to work another mans gain" stood out to me the most because it describes how determined they were to conquer colonies and achieve status and wealth even if it meant to take it from others.//

**Black Mans Burden Poem: What is the message?**
This poem was written to demonstrate the mistreatment of blacks in the Philippines and in American households. His goal was to show that if the United States would get involved with imperialism it would cause violence among the people. Suggests that imperialism has a negative impact on the lives of people and that the natives are far behind in technology so they are being fought unfairly. Lines: Who fight with clubs and arrows In vain ye seek to end it, With bullets, blood or death Who fight with clubs and arrows and brook your rifle’s smoke.

[|Berlin Conference Markup] 5 words that describe the Berlin Conference.
 * //Social Darwinism//
 * //Equality//
 * //Competition//
 * //Influence//
 * // Divisions //
 * // Agreement //
 * // Inconsiderate //
 * // Separation //
 * // Effective //
 * // Prestige //

====// " //Throughout  history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference of those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered that has made it possible for evil to triumph." Hallie Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975 ====
 * Document 1**

Questions to consider:
//He is expressing that the countries that were colonized by Europe were the ones that didn't defend them selves. He believes that because they remained silent it made it easier for Europe to take control.// //He probably made this statement after seeing the surrounding countries suffer as they fell into imperialism.// //He is talking about the evils of imperialism that happens in China. //
 * **What is the perspective of the author? What events might have caused the author to think as he does? **
 * **Why might the author be making this statement? **
 * **How does the quote relate to Imperialism in Africa? Explain. **

**"On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)** //Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races...// //I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty.//
 * Document 2**

//I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do without safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world.//

//The author is Prime Minister Jules Ferry of France. He believes that superior races have a right over lower races and that their duty is to civilize these people.// //When Spanish soldiers introduced slavery into Central America, they didn't fulfill their duty as men of higher race.// //The purpose of this speech was to alert the men of superior race that their duty as gentlemen to civilize inferior races.// //The people back then were determined to civilize people of lower race.//
 * **Who is the author of this piece of evidence? What is his viewpoint?**
 * **What justifications does he offer to support his viewpoint?**
 * **Why might he be giving this speech? What is the purpose of this speech?**
 * **What does the speech tell you about life and attitudes of that time?**

The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo" Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1982.Artists: Linley Sambourne
 * Document 3**

T//his political cartoon was published in the London Charivari on December 10, 1982 by artist Linley Sambourne. This picture supports the idea of colonialism in Africa.// The title of the picture means the roads that Cecil Rhodes took to conquer south Africa and Egypt. The word "striding" gives the impression that he didn't have a hard time getting from one country to another.
 * ** Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias? **
 * ** What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo) **

Cecil Rhodes is the man depicted in this cartoon. I see africa, a hat, string, a gun, and Cecil Rhodes standing on Africa. Based on research, I learned that this picture was drawn to represent Rhodes' intentions to extend and electrical telegraph line from Cairo to Capetown. This is supported by the fact that he is standing with one foot on each of these places holding a wire.
 * ** Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see? **
 * ** What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim? **

[|Letter to Mowshweshewe Markup]
 * Document 4**

//The author is Mark X of Moshweshewe.// // This letter mentioned the names of various English soldiers and leaders. He also mentioned the names of African tribe leaders Boer is an African word for "farmer" and were hostile towards indigenous African people. This impacts the letter because it shows that these men were hostile towards the "black men." Harry Smith was a notable English soldier and military commander in the British Army.//
 * **Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?**
 * **The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....)**
 * **Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.**

-//I think this letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose because it tells the people how the Europeans came into Africa and lied to them, telling them they were both going to live equally and peacefully. Then the Europeans just start to take over their land and displace them, like they are not the indigenous group that has been living there. "I was to be ruler within those limits." This quote shows how the Europeans came in and starting restricting the Africans to what they could do, and especially where/how they could rule.//

**Document 5**: **Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896.**

"//So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated.But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different.//"

//The people from South Africa were treated like slaves. The "white" people that is mentioned in the passage hurt their wives and daughters and this caused them to be very upset//. //The rebellion was unsuccessful because it wasn't organized. People just started to fire at each other. The people of south Africa didn't have modern weapons to fight with so they used their resources, while the white men had machine guns and rifles.//
 * **How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?**
 * **Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?**

**Document 6**: **Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907.**

"//And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us,fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice"//

//The author of this source is Mojimba, and African Chief. It// //refers to a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907.// //In this battle, the White men had all of the strength on their side, and used this to "take away the land and possessions" of the Africans. The White men "had guns," which the Africans didn't own, and used this to get ahead of them and defeat them.// //The chief's opinion of the British is that they are wicked, even though they call the African's wicked. They used the fact that they had guns and military as an advantage to take away their land and possessions, and that they are sick, he says "You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice." Although the White men say they are doing justice, the chief says they are sick in the head for believing that their acts are just.//
 * **Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?**
 * **Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.**
 * **What is the chief's opinion of the British?**

**Document 7**: **Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906**.

"//The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking."// //He explains that the East Africans are stating that they can be saved by bullets with this new medicine that they found. That it will give "invulnerability." The East Africans now believe that they are ready for a rebellion, and that they are pretty much indestructible because of this new medicine they acquired.// //I think they made these claims because they wanted support on their side and believed this will get people to side with them and possibly fight back against the Europeans and actually have a chance to beat them.//
 * ** What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim **
 * **Why do you think the Africans made such claims?**

**Document 8**: Smithsonian Institution sponsored African expedition for Theodore Roosevelt, 1909-1910. Photo was used as an illustration in Theodore Roosevelt's book, "African Game Trails" published in 1910.

//This is a picture of Theodore Roosevelt. He seems to be standing next to an elephant he just killed.// //This picture signifies Theodore Roosevelt's expedition in Africa in 1909// //I think that this picture indicates that during the early 1900's, many expeditions were happening in Africa because people were trying to build civilization there.//
 * **Describe the person and objects in this photo.**
 * **What is the purpose of the photograph?**
 * **What economic or social implications does this photo indicate about Africa in 1909?**

**Document 9**:



//Industries such as the fabric industry, food processing industry, banks, cosmetics industry benefited from African resources.// //Great Britain seems to be the country with the most valuable colonies because they have gold and diamonds which could be used to supply the nations economy, giving them more money.// //One might say that the primary reason for European imperialism was to obtain resources from Africa.//
 * **What European industries benefited from African resources?**
 * **Which European country do you feel had the most valuable colonies? Why?**
 * **How could this document be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa?**


 * Document 10**:

// "Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . . // // The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy. // // Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ." // Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962

//Toure response was that Colonialism was an illegal act because it forced many natives to believe that they were "nothing less than savagery". It also resulted in them lacking self - confidence and thinking that they were truly worthless. The Europeans made it seems like their primary reason for colonizing in Africa was to civilize the people, but really all they wanted was the resources that Africa had, to improve their own economy.//
 * ** In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism? **